Histogram analysis in the differentiation between adrenal adenomas and pheochromocytomas: the value of a single measurement / Análise por histograma para diferenciação entre adenomas da adrenal e feocromocitomas: o valor de uma medida única

Abstract Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of histogram analysis on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) for differentiating between adrenal adenomas and pheochromocytomas (PCCs). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with proven PCCs who had undergone CT examinations between January 2009 and July 2019 at one of two institutions. For each PCC, we selected one or two adenomas diagnosed within two weeks of the date of diagnosis of the PCC. For each lesion, two readers scored the size, determined the mean attenuation, and generated a voxel histogram. The 10th percentile (P10) was obtained from the conventional histogram analysis, as well as being calculated with the following formula: P10 = mean attenuation - (1.282 × standard deviation). The mean attenuation threshold, histogram analysis (observed) P10, and calculated P10 (calcP10) were compared in terms of their diagnostic accuracy. Results: We included 52 adenomas and 29 PCCs. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the mean attenuation threshold were 75.0%, 100.0%, and 82.5%, respectively, for reader 1, whereas they were 71.5%, 100.0%, and 81.5%, respectively, for reader 2. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the observed P10 and calcP10 were equal for both readers: 90.4%, 96.5%, and 92.6%, respectively, for reader 1; and 92.3%, 93.1%, and 92.6%, respectively, for reader 2. The increase in sensitivity was significant for both readers (p = 0.009 and p = 0.005, respectively). Conclusion: For differentiating between adenomas and PCCs, the histogram analysis (observed P10 and calcP10) appears to outperform the mean attenuation threshold as a diagnostic criterion.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia diagnóstica da análise por histograma na tomografia computadorizada (TC) sem contraste para a diferenciação entre adenomas adrenais e feocromocitomas (FCCs). Materiais e Métodos: Identificamos, retrospectivamente, pacientes com diagnóstico de FCC confirmado que foram submetidos a exames de TC entre janeiro de 2009 e julho de 2019 em duas instituições distintas. Para cada FCC, selecionamos um ou dois adenomas diagnosticados em até duas semanas da data do diagnóstico do FCC. Para cada lesão, dois leitores pontuaram o tamanho, determinaram a atenuação média e geraram um histograma com os voxels das imagens. O percentil 10 (P10) foi obtido a partir da análise convencional do histograma, além de ser calculado com a seguinte fórmula: P10 = atenuação média - (1,282 × desvio-padrão). O limiar de atenuação média, o P10 da análise por histograma (P10 observado) e o P10 calculado (P10calc) foram comparados em termos de acurácia diagnóstica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 52 adenomas e 29 FCCs. A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do limiar de atenuação média foram de 75,0%, 100,0% e 82,5% para o leitor 1, respectivamente, e de 71,5%, 100,0% e 81,5% para o leitor 2, respectivamente. A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do P10 observado e do P10calc foram idênticas para os dois leitores: 90,4%, 96,5% e 92,6%, respectivamente, para o leitor 1; e 92,3%, 93,1% e 92,6%, respectivamente, para o leitor 2. O aumento da sensibilidade foi significativo para ambos os leitores (p = 0,009 e p = 0,005, respectivamente). Conclusão: Para a diferenciação entre adenomas e FCCs, a análise por histograma (P10 observado ou P10calc) parece superar o limiar de atenuação média como critério diagnóstico.

Mielolipoma gigante unilateral de la glándula suprarrenal. Reporte de caso

Introducción: Los tumores de la glándula suprarrenal son inusuales y por lo general son hallados de forma incidental por estudios de imágenes. Dentro de este grupo los mielolipomas son uno de los tumores más raros, considerados el 2% de los tumores suprarrenales. Caso Clínico: Presentamos una paciente femenina de 60 años de edad con antecedentes de dolor a tipo cólico de forma esporádica a nivel del hipocondrio derecho. La ecografía abdominal detectó colelitiasis y una masa sugerente de adenoma suprarrenal izquierdo. La tomografía abdominal corroboró el tumor suprarrenal gigante y la litiasis vesicular. Se realizó suprarrenalectomía y colecistectomía convencional sin complicaciones. El diagnóstico histopatológico mostró un mielolipoma suprarrenal y una colecistitis crónica. Discusión: El mielolipoma suprarrenal es infrecuente, la etiología se desconoce, por lo general es asintomático y su hallazgo es incidental, habitualmente son unilaterales, menores a 4cm y la incidencia aumenta con la edad. Conclusiones: Cuando los mielolipomas alcanzan dimensiones mayores de 10cm se recomienda realizar una suprarrenalectomía convencional.

Introduction: Adrenal gland tumors are unusual and are usually found incidentally by imaging studies. Within this group, myelolipomas are one of the rarest tumors, considered 2% of adrenal tumors. Clinical case: We present a 60-year-old female patient with a history of sporadically colicky pain at the level of the right hypochondrium. Abdominal ultrasound revealed cholelithiasis and a mass suggestive of a left adrenal adenoma. Abdominal tomography confirmed a giant adrenal tumor and gallstones. An adrenalectomy and conventional cholecystectomy were performed without complications. The histopathological diagnosis showed an adrenal myelolipoma and chronic cholecystitis. Discussion: Adrenal myelolipoma is infrequent, the etiology is unknown, it is usually asymptomatic and its finding is incidental, they are usually unilateral, smaller than 4cm and the incidence increases with age. Conclusions: When myelolipomas reach dimensions greater than 10cm, conventional adrenalectomy is recommended. In selected cases.

Diagnóstico prenatal de neuroblastomaquístico suprarrenal fetal

El neuroblastoma es un tumor embrionario que surge de los neuroblastos (células simpáticas pluripotentes) y es la lesión sólida maligna más común de la infancia. Estos tumores pueden aparecer en cualquier sitio del sistema nervioso simpático fetal, pero la glándula suprarrenal está afectada en el 90% de los casos durante el periodo prenatal. Los neuroblastomas quísticos comprenden alrededor del 50% de todos los casos diagnosticados en fetos y su frecuencia es aún mayor en el periodo posnatal. La ecografía puede utilizarse para determinar el tamaño, localización y características ecográficas del tumor. La resonancia magnética fetal puede ser útil para la estadificación y la evaluación de las metástasis. El manejo del embarazo es expectante y rara vez está indicada la interrupción del embarazo. Se presenta un caso de diagnóstico prenatal de neuroblastoma quístico suprarrenal fetal.

Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor arising from neuroblasts (pluripotent sympathetic cells) and is the most common malignant solid lesion in childhood. These tumors can arise anywhere in the fetal sympathetic nervous system, but the adrenal gland is affected in 90% of cases during the prenatal period. Cystic neuroblastomas comprise about 50% of all cases diagnosed in fetuses and their frequency is even higher in the postnatal period. Ultrasonography can be used to determine the size, location, and sonographic features of the tumor. Fetal MRI can be useful for staging and evaluation of metastases. Management of pregnancy is expectant and termination of pregnancy is rarely indicated. A case of prenatal diagnosis of fetal adrenal cystic neuroblastoma is presented.

Síndrome coronario agudo por feocromocitoma

RESUMEN El feocromocitoma es un tumor cromafín ubicado generalmente en la glándula suprarrenal, originado en células del neuroectodermo y productor de catecolaminas. Se presenta caso clínico de varón de 56 años con antecedente de hipertensión arterial que consultó por síntomas de un síndrome coronario agudo. La cinecoronariografía descarta cardiopatía isquémica ateroesclerótica y se llegó al diagnóstico de feocromocitoma a partir de los estudios de imágenes y la anatomía patológica. El tumor fue extirpado con cirugía abierta. En la hipertensión arterial de difícil manejo y en patologías cardiacas de presentaciones atípicas, el feocromocitoma debe ser tenido en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial.

ABSTRACT Pheochromocytoma is a chromaffin tumor generally located in the adrenal gland, originated in neuroectoderm cells and a catecholamine-producing tumor. We present a clinical case of a 56-year-old man with a history of arterial hypertension who consulted for symptoms of an acute coronary syndrome. The coronary angiography ruled out atherosclerotic ischemic heart disease and the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was reached based on imaging studies and pathology. The tumor was removed with open surgery. In arterial hypertension that is difficult to manage and in cardiac pathologies with atypical presentations, pheochromocytoma must be taken into account as a differential diagnosis.

Enhancement patterns of adrenal nodules on magnetic resonance imaging

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare enhancement patterns of typical adrenal adenomas, lipid-poor adenomas, and non-adenomas on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Evaluation of adrenal nodules larger than 1.0 cm, with at least 2-year follow-up, evaluated on MRI in January 2007 and December 2016. Two different protocols were included - upper abdomen MRI (delayed phase after 3 minutes) and abdomen and pelvis MRI (delayed phase after 7 minutes) - and nodules were divided in typical adenomas (characterized on out-of-phase MRI sequence), lipid-poor adenomas (based on follow-up imaging stability) and non-adenomas (based on pathological finding or follow-up imaging). T2-weighted and enhancement features were analyzed (absolute and relative washout and enhancement curve pattern), similarly to classic computed tomography equations. Results: Final cohort was composed of 123 nodules in 116 patients (mean diameter of 1.8 cm and mean follow up time of 4 years and 3 months). Of them, 98 (79%) nodules had features of typical adenomas by quantitative chemical shift imaging, and demonstrated type 3 curve pattern in 77%, mean absolute and relative washout of 29% and 16%, respectively. Size, oncologic history and T2-weighted features showed statistically significant differences among groups. Also, a threshold greater than 11.75% for absolute washout on MRI achieved sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 70.0%, in differentiating typical adenomas from non-adenomas. Conclusion: Calculating absolute washout of adrenal nodules on MRI may help identifying proportion of non-adenomas.

Mielolipoma suprarrenal, revisión de literatura en México a propósito de dos casos / Adrenal myelolipoma, review of the literature in Mexico apropos of two cases

Introducción: los mielolipomas suprarrenales (ML) son neoplasias benignas poco frecuentes constituidas por tejido adiposo y mieloide. Clínicamente asintomáticas, suelen ser diagnosticados incidentalmente. En México existen solo 32 casos publicados de ML, presentándose en pacientes de entre 37 a 65 años, siendo la relación hombre-mujer 1:1.1, el síntoma más comúnmente reportado es dolor abdominal inespecífico, y la cirugía abierta es el principal abordaje quirúrgico empleado en nuestro país (89%). Caso clínico: presentamos una recopilación de la literatura actual sobre ML en México, además de dos casos clínicos de pacientes con ML: un hombre de 67 años con enfermedad diverticular y una mujer de 40 años con dolor en hipocondrio; en ambos se realizó resección tumoral, midiendo 9.5 cm y 13.3 cm, respectivamente. Conclusiones: presentamos dos casos nuevos en nuestro país que corresponden a incidentalomas. En ambos casos la cirugía se realizó para confirmar el diagnóstico, así como para prevenir posibles complicaciones.

Background: Adrenal myelolipomas (ML) are rare benign neoplasms compound of adipose and myeloid tissue. Clinically they are usually asymptomatic, being diagnosed generally by incident. In Mexico, there are only 32 published cases of ML, these occur between 37 and 65 years, with the male-female ratio being 1:1.1, clinically they present with abdominal or lumbar pain, open surgery being the main surgical approach (89%). Clinical case: We made a literature review of ML in Mexico and present two clinical cases: a 67-year-old man in followup for diverticular disease and a 40-year-old woman with pain in the left upper quadrant. In both cases, tumor resection was performed measuring 9.5 cm and 13.3 cm long respectively. Conclusions: We present two new cases in our country that correspond to incidentalomas. In both cases, surgery was performed to confirm the diagnosis, as well as to prevent possible complications

Fetus in Fetu as a suprarenal mass in a neonate - a rare and perplexing entity

Fetus in fetu (FIF) is a rare entity in which a malformed vertebrate fetus is incorporated within its twin. This entity should be differentiated from a teratoma, which has more malignant potential. We describe a neonate with a heterogeneous calcified suprarenal mass. The aspiration cytology revealed a heterogeneous cell population with spindle cells and small round blue cells. Operative and histopathologic examination showed features consistent with a fetus in fetu. This case report describes a rare entity and discusses its clinical presentation, cytological features on fine-needle aspiration, and the difficulties posed in its differentiation from a teratoma.

Hallazgos histopatológicos y malignidad de masas suprarrenales en un centro de patología y citología en Bucaramanga, Santander entre 2007 y 2019 / Histopathological findings and malignancy of adrenal masses in a pathology and cytology center in Bucaramanga, Santander between 2007 and 2019 / Achados histopatológicos e malignidade de massas adrenais em um centro de patologia e citologia em Bucaramanga, Santander entre 2007 e 2019

Introducción. Las masas encontradas en la glándula suprarrenal pueden clasificarse de acuerdo con su origen, comportamiento, localización, función y forma de diagnóstico. En Colombia no existen datos suficientes que describan la frecuencia y las principales características histopatológicas de dichas lesiones. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es describir los principales hallazgos histopatológicos y la malignidad de las masas suprarrenales en un centro médico especializado en patología de Bucaramanga, Santander. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisaron patologías de pacientes de todas las edades con alteraciones histopatológicas en la glándula suprarrenal, en un centro médico de Bucaramanga, Santander. Resultados. Se revisaron 79 patologías suprarrenales de las cuales 39 presentaron lesión a nivel de la glándula suprarrenal, la lesión más frecuente encontrada fue la metástasis (28.2%), y la localización de lesión más frecuente se evidenció en la glándula derecha (62.1%). Conclusión. Es fundamental que se realicen estudios prospectivos que permitan obtener datos epidemiológicos con el fin de generar datos locales.

Introduction. Masses found in the adrenal gland can be classified according to their origin, behavior, location, function and manner of diagnosis. In Colombia there are insufficient data describing the frequency and main histopathological characteristics of these lesions. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the main histopathological findings and malignancy of adrenal masses in a medical center specialized in pathology in Bucaramanga, Santander. Methodology. Descriptive and retrospective study. Pathologies of patients of all ages with histopathologic alterations in the adrenal gland were reviewed in a medical center in Bucaramanga, Santander. Results. Seventy-nine adrenal pathologies were reviewed, of which 39 showed adrenal gland lesions. The most frequent lesion found was metastasis (28.2 %), and the most frequent location of the lesion was in the right gland (62.1 %). Conclusion. It is essential that prospective studies be carried out to obtain epidemiological data in order to generate local data

Introdução. As massas encontradas na glândula adrenal podem ser classificadas de acordo com a sua origem, comportamento, localização, função e forma de diagnóstico. Na Colômbia, não há dados suficientes que descrevam a frequência e as principais características histopatológicas dessas lesões. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os principais achados histopatológicos e a malignidade das massas adrenais em um centro médico especializado em patologia em Bucaramanga, Santander. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Foram analisadas patologias de pacientes de todas as idades com alterações histopatológicas na glândula adrenal, em um centro médico em Bucaramanga, Santander. Resultados. Foram revisadas 79 patologias adrenais, das quais 39 apresentavam lesão em glândula adrenal, a lesão mais frequente encontrada foi metástase (28.2%), e o local mais frequente de lesão foi evidenciado na glândula direita (62.1%). Conclusão. É imprescindível a realização de estudos prospectivos para obtenção de dados epidemiológicos a fim de gerar dados locais.

Mielolipoma suprarrenal / Adrenal myelolipoma

Introducción: Los mielolipomas suprarrenales son tumores benignos inusuales compuestos por tejido adiposo maduro y células hematopoyéticas. Objetivo: Presentar un nuevo caso de mielolipoma suprarrenal y describir sus características clínicas, imaginológicas y la terapéutica aplicada. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 68 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad mórbida, que ingresó en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, por presentar dolor en el hipocondrio derecho. Al examen físico presentaba ligero tinte ictérico de piel y mucosas, dolor abdominal difuso a predominio de hipocondrio derecho, sin reacción peritoneal, signo de Murphy negativo. En el tórax se auscultaron crepitantes bibasales y el murmullo vesicular disminuido. Los exámenes de analítica sanguínea demostraron pruebas hepáticas con valores elevados y eritrosedimentación acelerada. La tomografía axial computarizada abdominal reveló una tumoración, que se correspondía conla glándula suprarrenal derecha, que medía110x135x90 mm. Se realizó la suprarrenalectomía derecha que transcurrió sin complicaciones. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue mielolipoma suprarrenal. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: El mielolipoma suprarrenal no presenta un cuadro clínico característico y en muchas ocasiones su hallazgo es incidental. La tomografía axial computarizada es la técnica de elección para el diagnóstico imaginológico de esta lesión. En las masas mayores de 6 cm está indicado el tratamiento quirúrgico, y la cirugía convencional, es un método útil para este fin(AU)

Introduction: Adrenal myelolipomas are unusual slow-growing benign tumors, composed of mature adipose tissue and hematopoietic cells. Objective: To present a new case of adrenal myelolipoma as well as to describe its clinical, imaging and applied therapeutic characteristics. Clinical Case: Female patient of 68 years old, with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and obese, who was admitted to the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, for presenting pain in the right hypochondrium. In the general physical examination, she presented a morbid obesity with a slight icteric dye of the skin and mucous membranes, and in the abdomen diffuse abdominal pain was observed, predominantly in the right hypochondrium without peritoneal reaction and negative Murphy sign; no palpated visceromegalias. Bi-basal crackles were heard in the thorax with diminished vesicular murmur. The blood tests performed showed liver tests with high values, and accelerated erythrosedimentation. In the computerized axial tomography an abdominal tumor was observed that impressed to correspond with the right adrenal gland, and that it mediates 110x135x90 mm. The right adrenalectomy was performed without complications. The histopathological diagnosis was an adrenal myelolipoma. The patient has evolved satisfactorily. Conclusions: Adrenal myelolipoma does not present a characteristic clinical picture, so its finding is often incidental. Computed tomography is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of this lesion. In the masses greater than 6 centimeters, surgical treatment is indicated, with conventional surgery being a useful route for this(AU)

Hemorragia adrenal bilateral sin insuficiencia adrenal asociada con enoxaparina. Reporte de caso / Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage without adrenal insufficiency associated with enoxaparin. usage: case report

RESUMEN La hemorragia adrenal bilateral es un fenómeno poco común que puede acarrear consecuencias catastróficas por una crisis adrenal. Se ha asociado con diversas entidades como la sepsis, anticoagulación, neoplasias, el trauma, síndrome antifosfolípido y estado postoperatorio, especialmente, de cirugías ortopédicas. Su diagnóstico se dificulta en la medida en que los pacientes presentan signos y síntomas inespecíficos, por lo cual, una alta sospecha clínica es el principal indicador para la realización de una imagen que confirme el dictamen. Se presenta el caso de una hemorragia adrenal bilateral sin insuficiencia adrenal en una mujer de 71 años que, durante el quinto día del posoperatorio, tras una osteosíntesis de rodilla y recibiendo profilaxis antitrombótica con enoxaparina, ingresa al servicio de urgencias por dolor abdominal tipo cólico con 12 horas de evolución, acompañado de náuseas y sin signos de inestabilidad hemodinámica.

SUMMARY Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage is an uncommon phenomenon with potential catastrophic con-sequences, such as an adrenal crisis. It has been associated with diverse entities such as sepsis, anticoagulation, malignancy, trauma, antiphospholipid syndrome and postoperative setting, among others. The diagnosis is difficult as patients present with non-specific signs and symptoms, so high suspicion should trigger imaginological test to confirm the diagnosis. We report the case of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage without adrenal insufficiency that occurred in a 71-year-old woman during her fifth postoperative day after knee osteosynthesis, who received treatment with enoxaparin as antithrombotic prophylaxis and who presented to the emergency room for 12 hours of colic-like abdominal pain accompanied by nausea without signs of hemodynamic instability.

Hemorragia suprarrenal neonatal en el contexto de ictericia neonatal isoinmune. Reporte de caso / Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage in the context of isoimmune neonatal jaundice. Case report

La hemorragia de las glándulas suprarrenales en el período neonatal se produce secundariamente a traumatismos del parto y a modificaciones de la presión venosa. La ictericia neonatal tiene como causa infrecuente la presencia de un hematoma suprarrenal. Los casos sintomáticos son poco frecuentes y, si se manifiestan, suele ser como ictericia prolongada.Se presenta el caso de un neonato que ingresó a las 20 horas de vida por ictericia isoinmune anti-A. Por aumento de bilirrubina directa, se solicitó una ecografía abdominal a los 10 días de vida, que mostró una masa suprarrenal derecha no vascularizada, de 50 x 21 mm, con imágenes quísticas en su interior, compatible con hemorragia de glándula suprarrenal derecha. La ecografía seriada mostró una resolución progresiva hasta desaparecer, y el paciente se mantuvo asintomático y sin ictericia. Cuando persiste una ictericia en el período neonatal, hay que evaluar la posibilidad de una hemorragia suprarrenal significativ

Hemorrhage of the adrenal glands in the neonatal period happens secondarily to birth trauma and to changes in venous pressure. Neonatal jaundice has as an infrequent etiology the presence of an adrenal gland hematoma. Symptomatic cases are rare, and if they manifest, it is usually as prolonged jaundice.We present the case of a neonate who was admitted at 20 hours of life due to isoimmune jaundice. Due to an increase in conjugated bilirubin, an abdominal ultrasound was requested at 10 days of life, which showed a non-vascularized right adrenal mass, 50 x 21 mm, with cystic images inside, compatible with bleeding of the right adrenal gland. Serial ultrasound showed a progressive resolution until its disappearance, keeping the baby asymptomatic and without jaundice. In cases of prolonged jaundice in the neonatal period, the possibility of significant adrenal hemorrhage must be assessed.

A rare case of bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma with unusual presentation: the case report

Here we report a 25 years old male patient came to our emergency department with chief complaints of headache from 3 months, blurring of vision 7 days, abdominal pain 7 days, and vomiting from 2 days. Young male, with no known comorbidities, presented to our casualty with headache since, 3 months, episodic in nature, increased over the last 1 week, holocranial, gradually progressive in severity. last recorded Blood pressure outside was 220/120 mmHg and papilledema were noted on fundoscopy. USG abdomen and pelvis, CECT abdomen done and diagnosed to have bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma. Patient underwent bilateral adrenalectomy was performed with good intra op BP control. Right adrenals were enlarged and shows multiple nodular lesions, left adrenal noted shows nodular lesions. Surgery remains the first line of management in malignant pheochromocytoma. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine all act on their target receptors, which causes a physiological change in the body. Increase in catecholamines cause severe hypertension and multiple systemic complications like (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular events) and can lead to death if untreated.

Paracoccidiodomicosis suprarrenal / Adrenal paracoccidioidomycosis

La insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria es un defecto en la producción de glucocorticoides, mineralocorticoides y andrógenos sexuales. Los pacientes afectados por esta condición se caracterizan por concentraciones bajas de cortisol y deficiencia de aldosterona con hiponatremia e hiperpotasemia concomitantes. La etiología más común es el desarrollo de anticuerpos contra la enzima 21 hidroxilasa. Otra causa importante de la insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria son las enfermedades infecciosas, en especial en los países de bajos ingresos. Entre las causas infecciosas que se han descrito se encuentran: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, el complejo de Mycobacterium avium, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, citomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatiditis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cocciodiodes immitis, Nocardia spp. y Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. En este artículo se presenta la imagen de la tomografía de un paciente que presentó falla suprarrenal, con masas en las glándulas suprarrenales, cuya biopsia permitió establecer el diagnóstico final de paracoccidioidomicosis.

Primary adrenal insufficiency is a defect in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and sexual androgens production. Patients with this disorder have low cortisol levels and aldosterone deficiency with concomitant hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. The most common etiology of this disease is the production of antibodies against the enzyme 21 hydroxylase. Another common cause, particularly in low income countries, are infectious diseases. Several micro-organisms have been reported as a causal agent in adrenal insufficiency including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatiditis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cocciodiodes immitis, Nocardia spp. and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. In this article, we present the computerized tomography and the adrenal biopsy of a patient with adrenal insufficiency. The final diagnosis was paracoccidioidomycosis.

The value of signal intensity on T1-weighted chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging combined with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of adrenal adenomas / O valor da intensidade do sinal na sequência de deslocamento químico ponderada em T1 associada a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética no diagnóstico de adenomas adrenais

Abstract Objective: To investigate the advantages of using modified signal intensity measurements on chemical shift imaging alone or in conjunction with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study involving 97 patients with adrenal nodules or masses. The signal intensity index (SII) was calculated as [(signal intensity on the in-phase image − signal intensity on the out-of-phase image) ∕ (signal intensity on the in-phase image)] × 100%. We determined the averages of the minimum, mean, and maximum signal intensity values measured on three consecutive images. When that was not possible (for smaller lesions), we used one or two images. We employed a region of interest that covered one half to two thirds of the mass. All indices were compared with metabolite ratios derived from spectroscopy: lactate/creatine; glutamine-glutamate/creatine; choline/creatine; choline/lipid; 4.0-4.3 ppm/Cr; and lipid/creatine. Results: Of the 97 patients evaluated, 69 were diagnosed with adenomas and 28 were diagnosed with nonadenomas. All SII measurements and spectroscopy-derived metabolite ratios were significant to the differentiation between adenomas and nonadenomas, except for the lipid/creatine and choline/lipid ratios. In 37.8% of the cases, it was not possible to perform spectroscopy. When it was possible, the lactate/creatine ratio was found to have higher accuracy than did the SII. Conclusion: Determining the SII and metabolite ratios increased the accuracy of the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar as vantagens do uso de medições do índice de intensidade de sinal modificadas em imagens de deslocamento químico (chemical shift), isoladamente ou em conjunto com a espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de prótons, no diagnóstico diferencial de adenomas adrenais. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 97 pacientes com nódulos ou massas adrenais. O índice de intensidade do sinal (SII) foi calculado como [(intensidade do sinal na imagem em fase - intensidade do sinal na imagem fora de fase) ∕ (intensidade do sinal na imagem em fase)] × 100%. Determinamos as médias dos valores mínimo, médio e máximo da intensidade do sinal medida em três imagens consecutivas. Quando isso não foi possível (para lesões menores), usamos uma ou duas imagens. Nós empregamos uma região de interesse que cobria de metade a dois terços da massa. Todos os índices foram comparados com razões metabólicas derivadas da espectroscopia: lactato/creatina, glutamato-glutamina/creatina, colina/creatina, colina/lipídio, 4,0-4,3 ppm/creatina e lipídio/creatina. Resultados: Dos 97 pacientes avaliados, 69 foram diagnosticados como adenomas e 28 foram diagnosticados como não adenomas. Todas as medições SII e razões de metabólitos derivados da espectroscopia foram significativas para a diferenciação entre adenomas e não adenomas, exceto as razões lipídio/creatina e colina/lipídio. Em 37,8% dos casos não foi possível realizar espectroscopia. Quando possível, a razão lactato/creatina apresentou maior precisão do que o SII. Conclusão: A determinação das razões SII e metabólitos aumentaram a acurácia do diagnóstico diferencial de adenomas adrenais.

Outcome and long-term follow-up of adrenal lesions in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcome of adrenal lesions in long-term follow-up of Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients. Subjects and methods We retrospectively studied sixteen patients from six families of individuals with MEN1. Adrenal involvement was evaluated using clinical, biochemical and imaging data. Results Adrenal lesions were identified in nine of sixteen (56.3%) patients: seven women and two men (mean age: 52.2 years). Adrenal involvement was detected at MEN1 diagnosis in more than half of the patients. Eighteen adrenal nodules were founded (median of two nodules per patient) with mean adrenal lesion diameter of 17.4 mm. Three patients had unilateral adrenal involvement. Hormonal hypersecretion (autonomous cortisol secretion) was found in two patients. None of the patients was submitted to adrenalectomy, presented an aldosterone-secreting lesion, a pheochromocytoma, an adrenal carcinoma or metastatic disease during the follow-up. A predominance of stable adrenal disease, in terms of size and hormonal secretion, was observed. Adrenal lesions were evenly distributed between the germline mutations. Conclusion Adrenal tumours are a common feature of MEN1 that can affect more than half of the patients. Most of the tumours are bilateral non-functional lesions, but hormonal secretion may occur and should be promptly identified to reduce the morbidity/mortality of the syndrome. Periodic surveillance of these patients should be performed.

Acute spontaneous unilateral adrenal hemorrhage: etiology and imaging findings in six cases / Hemorragia adrenal unilateral espontânea aguda: etiologia e achados de imagem em seis casos

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the computed tomography characteristics of patients admitted with clinical suspicion of acute adrenal hemorrhage at three centers over a 3-year period and in whom that diagnosis was ultimately confirmed. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of computed tomography findings in patients with suspected acute adrenal hemorrhage. We included only those cases in which the diagnosis was confirmed. Patients with aortic rupture and retroperitoneal hemorrhage were excluded. The images were analyzed by an experienced radiologist and by two radiology residents. Results: Six cases of unilateral adrenal hemorrhage (three on the left and three on the right) were analyzed. On computed tomography, each appeared as a rounded, oval mass altering the usual anatomy of the adrenal gland. The maximum diameter was 12.2 cm, and attenuation ranged from 45 to 70 HU. There was no appreciable contrast enhancement. No calcifications were observed. Conclusion: Adrenal hemorrhage, albeit rare, is potentially fatal. Early diagnosis is essential. Therefore, recognition of the possible presentations of these lesions by radiologists may help prevent hemorrhage from progressing to adrenal insufficiency and death.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as características de imagem na tomografia computadorizada de pacientes admitidos com suspeita clínica de hemorragia adrenal aguda em três instituições, no período de três anos, e que tiveram o diagnóstico final confirmado. Materiais e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva da tomografia computadorizada de pacientes com suspeita de hemorragia adrenal aguda. Foram incluídos apenas os casos com confirmação diagnóstica. Foram excluídos os pacientes que apresentaram ruptura aórtica e hemorragia retroperitonial. As imagens foram analisadas por um radiologista experiente e dois residentes em radiologia. Resultados: Este estudo analisou seis casos de hemorragia adrenal unilateral, três deles na adrenal esquerda e três na adrenal direita. Todos apresentaram-se com massa arredondada ou oval, alterando a anatomia habitual da glândula. O diâmetro máximo foi 12,2 cm e os valores de atenuação variaram de 45 a 70 UH, não se observando realce nas fases contrastadas. Não foram observadas calcificações. Conclusão: As hemorragias adrenais são raras, porém, potencialmente fatais. O diagnóstico precoce é essencial, portanto, o reconhecimento das possíveis apresentações dessas lesões pelos radiologistas pode ajudar a evitar que pacientes evoluam com insuficiência da glândula e óbito.

Effect of Heshi-Gejiugao on neuroendocrine immune network in women with perimenopausal syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective@#To study the mechanism of Heshi-Gejiugao on the nerve endocrine immune network in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome.@*Methods@#A total of 100 patients with perimenopausal syndrome were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, 50 cases in each group. The control group was only given general treatment, while the treatment group was treated with Heshi-Gejiugao on the basis of general treatment for 30 days. The clinical efficacy, Kupperman score, nerve, endocrine and immune related indexes of the two groups before and after treatment were observed.@*Results@#The total effective rate was 96.0% (48/50) in the treatment group and 50.0% (25/50) in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2=37.639, P<0.01). The Kupperman score (17.52 ± 2.73 vs. 24.22 ± 6.87, t=6.409) in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, NE (1 878.08 ± 931.57 ng/m vs. 1 278.43 ± 866.32 ng/ml, t=3.331), DA (1 568.56 ± 597.15 ng/ml vs. 1 183.62 ± 798.72 ng/ml, t=2.729) in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05); E2 (42.12 ± 9.77 pg/ml vs. 35.91 ± 12.55 pg/ml, t=2.761), FSH (62.70 ± 15.96 mIU/ml vs. 72.67 ± 30.18 mIU/ml, t=2.065), LH (33.88 ± 12.18 mIU/ml vs. 42.93 ± 9.83 mIU/ml, t=4.089) were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). CD3+ (1 087.34/μl ± 432.19/μl vs. 918.27/μl ± 199.72/μl, t=2.511), CD4+ (738.16/μl ± 326.75/μl vs. 588.43/μl ± 212.55/μl, t=2.716) and CD4/CD8 (1.87 ± 0.56 vs. 1.16 ± 0.55), t=6.483) were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05); CD8+ (788.32/μl ± 214.56/μl vs. 976.37/μl ± 318.62/μl, t=3.462) was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Heshi-Gejiugao can reduce the symptoms and improve the quality of life by regulating the multi target and multi direction of the neuroendocrine immune network of perimenopausal patients.

Clinical application of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in unilateral solitary adrenal metastasis / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To summarize the feasibility and effect of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery for unilateral solitary adrenal metastases.Methods The clinical data of 18 patients with unilateral solitary adrenal metastases admitted to Beijing General Aerospace Hospital from January 2008 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed,including 14 males and 4 females,with the average age of 58.6 years,ranged from 45 to 75 years.All patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery.The intraoperative and postoperative complications and 3-year survival rate were observed.Results All 18 patients underwent the operation successfully,one of them had open surgery due to large tumor,intraoperative adhesion,and hemorrhage.All patients had no postoperative complications.17 patients were followed up after the operation,the follow-up rate was 94.4％ (17/18),and the 3-year survival rate was 70.6％ (12/17).Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment for unilateral solitary adrenal metastases.

Clinical application of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in unilateral solitary adrenal metastasis / 国际外科学杂志

Objective@#To summarize the feasibility and effect of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery for unilateral solitary adrenal metastases.@*Methods@#The clinical data of 18 patients with unilateral solitary adrenal metastases admitted to Beijing General Aerospace Hospital from January 2008 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, including 14 males and 4 females, with the average age of 58.6 years, ranged from 45 to 75 years. All patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. The intraoperative and postoperative complications and 3-year survival rate were observed.@*Results@#All 18 patients underwent the operation successfully, one of them had open surgery due to large tumor, intraoperative adhesion, and hemorrhage. All patients had no postoperative complications. 17 patients were followed up after the operation, the follow-up rate was 94.4% (17/18), and the 3-year survival rate was 70.6% (12/17).@*Conclusion@#Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment for unilateral solitary adrenal metastases.

Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal hemorrhage / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and therapy by improving the further understanding of adrenal hemorrhage.Methods The clinical data of 12 cases of adrenal hemorrhage confirmed by pathology admitted to the First Hospital of China Medical University from October 2006 to October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Observe the patient's clinical manifestations,imaging features,treatment methods and prognosis.Results All 12 cases were unilateral adrenal hemorrhage,8 cases manifested lumbago in troubled side,2 cases manifested abdominal pain,and 2 cases were found during physical examination incidentally with no obvious symptoms.Ultrasound-B was performed in 10 cases,revealed low echo of masses in 5 cases,mixed echo of masses in 2 cases,cystic echo of masses in 2 cases,and no abnormality in 1 case.All 12 cases were scanned by CT,9 cases showed cystic masses with mixed density,and 3 cases showed solid masses.The value of plain CT ranged from 31 HU to 77 HU,no obvious enhancement was found in enhanced scan.One case was scanned by MRI,showed round mass in left adrenal gland,with uneven signal.The main signal was iso-signal in T1-weighted and T2-weighted.Six cases underwent adrenal and mass resection through the 11th rib,3 cases underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy,2 cases underwent abdominal exploration and accepted adrenalectomy and hematoma removal,and 1 case was discharged after conservative treatment because of surgery contraindication.11 cases of the pathology of postoperation were adrenal hemorrhage.Conclusions Preoperative diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage is relatively difficult,ultrasound-B,CT,and MRI examination can help diagnose.Surgical treatment should be performed for patients who can tolerate surgery and with larger hematoma (＞5 cm).